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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_FitzhamonRobert Fitzhamon , or Robert FitzHamon, Sieur de Creully in the
Calvados region and
Torigny in the
Manche region of
Normandy, was Lord of
Gloucester and the
Norman conqueror of
Glamorgan, southern
Wales.
As a kinsman of
the Conqueror and one of the few
Anglo-Norman barons to remain loyal to the two successive kings
William Rufus and
Henry I of England, he was a prominent figure in England and Normandy.
Not much is known about his earlier life, or his precise relationship to
William I of England.
Parentage and ancestry
Robert FitzHamon was a cousin of
William the Conqueror, although the details of his descent from the Norman dukes is uncertain. His family held the lordships of Torigny, Creully, Mézy, and Evrecy in Normandy.
He is said to be a son of
Hamon, Count of Corbeil, himself a grandson of
Richard I of Normandy and thus cousin to
Robert I of Normandy . However, FitzHamon is also described as the grandson of
Hamo Dentatus .
[1]. The second explanation might make sense if his father were also named Hamon and thus confused with the grandfather and namesake Hamon, Count of Corbeil.
Hamon was younger brother of
William, Count of Corbeil , and as such he was a descendant of
Richard I, Duke of Normandy, the great-grandfather of William II, Duke of Normandy, "The Conqueror". Robert and his father were thus kin to William the Conqueror although this connection does not appear to have profited Robert significantly until 1087 when his cousin
William Rufus ascended the throne.
Robert's mother is said to have been Halwisa alias Elisabeth d'Avoye, widow of
Hugh Magnus, Prince of France, and daughter of one Henri l'Oiseleur.
[
edit]
Career in England and Wales
Few details of Robert's career prior to 1087 are available; if he was Hamon's grandson rather than his son, this is not so surprising.
Robert probably did not fight at
Hastings, and does not appear in the
Domesday Book, although some relatives may. He first comes to prominence as a supporter of
William Rufus during the
Rebellion of 1088. After the revolt failed he was rewarded with great estates in
Gloucestershire and elsewhere. Some of these had belonged to the late Queen
Matilda, and were supposed to be inherited by Rufus's younger brother Henry ; nevertheless Fitzhamon remained on good terms with Henry.
The chronology of Fitzhamon's conquest of Glamorgan is uncertain, but it probably took place in the decades after he received Gloucester.
One explanation is the legend of the
Twelve Knights of Glamorgan, which dates from the 16th century, in which the Welsh Prince
Iestyn ap Gwrgan , prince or Lord of Glamorgan, supposedly called in the assistance of Robert Fitzhamon. Fitzhamon defeated the prince of South Wales
Rhys ap Tewdwr in battle in 1090. With his Norman knights as reward he then took possession of Glamorgan, and "the French came into Dyned and Ceredigion, which they have still retained, and fortified the castles, and seized upon all the land of the Britons." Iestyn did not profit long by his involvement with the Normans. He was soon defeated and his lands taken in 1091.
Whether there is any truth in the legend or not Robert Fitzhamon seems to have seized control of the lowlands of Glamorgan and
Gwynllwg sometime from around 1089 to 1094. His key strongholds were
Cardiff Castle, which already may have been built, on the site of an old
Roman fort, new castles at
Newport, and at
Kenfig. His descendants would inherit these castles and lands.
Rhys's daughter Nest became the mistress of King
Henry I of England and allegedly was mother of
Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester who married Mabel, Fitzhamon's daughter and heiress and thus had legitimacy both among the Welsh and the Norman barons.
[2] .
Founder of Tewkesbury Abbey
He also refounded
Tewkesbury Abbey in 1092. The abbey's dimensions are almost the same as
Westminster Abbey. The first abbot was Giraldus, Abbot of Cranborne who died before the abbey was consecrated in October 1121. The abbey was apparently built under the influence of his wife Sybil de Montgomery.
[1], said to be a beautiful and religious woman like her sisters.
Fitzhamon and His Kings
Legend has it that Robert had ominous dreams in the days before Rufus' fatal hunting expedition, which postponed but did not prevent the outing. He was one of the first to gather in tears around Rufus' corpse, and he used his cloak to cover the late king's body on its journey to be buried in
Winchester. How much of these stories are the invention of later days is unknown.
In any case Fitzhamon proved as loyal to
Henry I as he had been to his predecessor, remaining on Henry's side in the several open conflicts with Henry's brother
Robert Curthose. He was one of the three barons who negotiated the 1101 truce between Henry I and Robert Curthose.
In 1105 he went to Normandy and was captured while fighting near his ancestral estates near
Bayeux. This was one of the reasons Henry crossed the channel with a substantial force later that year. Fitzhamon was freed, and joined Henry's campaign, which proceeded to besiege
Falaise. There Fitzhamon was severely injured in the head; although he lived two more years he was never the same mentally. He was buried in the Chapter House at
Tewkesbury Abbey, which he had founded and considerably enriched during his lifetime.
Marriage and Children
Fitzhamon married
Sybil de Montgomery around 1087 to 1090, apparently the youngest daughter of
Roger of Montgomery, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury by his first wife
Mabel Talvas, daughter of
William I Talvas, by whom he is said to have had four daughters. His eldest daughter Mabel inherited his great estates and married
Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester around 1119. Fitzhamon's Gloucestershire property thus became the nucleus of the
Earldom of Gloucester later given to his son-in-law. Fitzhamon is sometimes called Earl of Gloucester, but was never so created formally.
Another daughter Isabella is said to have been married to a count from Brittany, but no further details exist. His widow and two other daughters are reported to have entered a convent.
Robert fitzHamon's great granddaughter
Isabel of Gloucester married
John of England.